城市垃圾堆肥制备专用肥对蔬菜生产和环境的效应

通过小区和大田试验方法，研究了城市生活垃圾肥制备有机。无机复合专用肥对蔬菜和土壤环境的效应。结果表明，施用该专用肥的辣椒、蕃茄或茄子、莴笋和青莱的小区和大田的产量，与对照相比分别增加２７．０％－８８．８％和２０．７％－９５．４％，其增产在Ｐ０．０１水平上达到显著，且蔬菜中一些营养成分的含量增加．而重金属Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｐｂ、Ａｓ元素的含量均未超有关卫生标准。长期施用，可补充土壤中有机质，且肥料中重金属元素不会引起菜地环境的污染。     

广西桂东北地区农业土壤环境若干重金属元素背景值的调查

应用分层抽样统计方法,调查研究广西桂东北地区农业土壤环境Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As、Cr、Hg等8种重金属元素背景值,并分别求算出各元素背景值95％的置信区间。经方差分析,各成土母质间几种元素背景值都有不同程度差异。探讨了该区域农业土壤元素背景值与世界土壤、地壳丰度和国内土壤元素背景值的差异,为开展农业环境科学研究提供依据。     

宜兴、溧阳河流主要水质指标的年际变化与成因分析

探讨了宜溧地区河流水环境的演化趋势及其主要影响因子。结果表明 :总磷总氮年际变化无明显上升趋势 ,CODMn则相反 ;影响CODMn浓度变化的因子是工业点源排放 ,影响总氮浓度变化的因子是化肥使用量 ,影响总磷浓度变化的因子是生活污染。     

畜禽养殖区磷流失对水环境的影响及其防治措施

概述了畜禽养殖废物中磷的流失对水环境的影响,分析养殖废物中磷的来源和流失途径,并从保护水资源的角度提出减少畜禽粪便中磷流失的管理和控制措施。     

纳米材料的环境和生态毒理学研究进展

随着纳米技术的迅速发展及纳米材料的大量增多,纳米技术的安全性问题正引起世界范围的重点关注.纳米材料可以通过多种途径进入自然环境而产生多种环境行为,可能引起生物体的毒性效应,其生态学影响也不可忽视.目前国际上对纳米材料生态学影响特别是环境行为的研究仍处于起步阶段,有价值的研究结果非常少,仍有众多不确定的生态安全问题有待深入研究.在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,就纳米材料的来源、进入环境的途径、环境行为、生态毒理学研究现状及需要进一步研究的内容进行了简要综述.     

传统生存方式变迁对农村环境的影响

随着农村社会经济的发展,农户的生存方式开始逐步由传统的生存方式逐步转变为现代的生存方式。在具体的案例研究过程中,我们既可以看到传统生存方式的环境友好的一面,也可以看到传统生存方式变迁过程中农户经济行为变化对于农村环境的不利影响。与此同时,社会经济发展过程中,新的现代生产生活要素的介入,在不断使农户的生活逐步走向现代化的同时,也带来了种种环境问题。总之,农村环境问题的产生既有传统生存方式本身存在的问题,也来自于生存方式变迁过程中新的外部物质的介入,因此,对于农村环境的改善需要同时从这两方面着手,在改善农户生存方式的同时,更要从根本上控制外部的污染物质的介入。     

Gregarious behaviour in a salamander: attraction to conspecific chemical cues in burrow choice

Gregarious behaviour (i.e. living in groups in contrast to a solitary life) is commonly observed in mammals, but rarely documented in amphibians. Environmental features and/or animal mutual attractions can promote the formation of aggregations that may both reduce the risks of dehydration and predation and increase mate access and fitness. Luschan’s salamander (Mertensiella luschani) lives in permanently arid Mediterranean environments; individuals shelter in cracks and crevices and leave only during favourable periods. In this study we examined the role of chemical tracks, in self and conspecific recognition (i.e. gregarious/solitary behaviour), on the social structure of this species. Our results show that juveniles and adults of both sexes use chemical scents deposited on substrate to relocate their shelter. In contrast to numerous other salamander species, Luschan’s salamanders also use social information, conveyed by conspecific scents, to identify a safe shelter. Furthermore, this scent marking does not play a role in sexual attraction but allows sex discrimination. This species exhibits gregarious behaviour (i.e. conspecific attraction) as a possible adaptation to dry environments. We discuss both ultimate and proximate factors in the evolution from a solitary to a gregarious life.     

Acidification of groundwater in water-filled gravel pits -- a new environmental and geomedical threat

Swimmers and users of motor boats frequenting old, water-filled gravel pits in Kiiminki, Northern Finland, found in August 1993 that they were suffering from painful irritation of the eyes and that their boats had developed a finely polished surface on their aluminium hulls, evidently due to the corrosive action of the water. Subsequent measurements carried out by the water authority showed that the pH of the water in some of the pits was extremely low, reaching a value of 3.4 at its lowest. To find out the causes of the abnormally low pH values, the present authors began systematic measurements of the pH and determination of the chemical composition (Si, Al, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cl^-, NO₃ ^-, SO₄ ^2-) of the water in 23 gravel pits. In addition, a series of laboratory experiments was carried out to examine the interaction of water with samples of the soil and bedrock of the area to evaluate the role of this process as a possible cause of the acidification. The results show that the reaction of water with the moderately to intensively weathered sulphide and jarosite-bearing black schists, typical of the bedrock of the area, can bring about aqueous solutions similar in pH and sulphate--nitrate ratios to those found naturally in the gravel pits. The contribution of other possible mechanisms, e.g. acidic precipitation as such or combined with enhanced evaporation, the possible use of the pits as dumping sites for acidic waste or the flow or seepage of acidic peat-bog waters into the pits from the surrounding wetlands, cannot be ruled out entirely, but their contribution seems to be of minor importance. Since the concentrations of several heavy metals (notably Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe and Mn) and of sulphate and aluminium has increased in the pit water as a result of the acidification process and exceed the norms laid down in the EU Drinking Water Directive, acidification of water in gravel pits due to the oxidation of sulphides must be regarded as a new, serious environmental and geomedical threat which has so far remained poorly known or unrecognised.     

推进GIS在环境规划中应用的探讨

本文在分析了地理信息系统引入环境规划带来的优越性的基础上，通过对目前我国环境领域中ＧＩＳ应用现状及实例研究，得出要深化ＧＩＳ在我国环境科学中的应用，就必须加强ＧＩＳ上的模型分析，并最终建立起ＧＩＳ模型库。     

地理信息系统支持下的城市生态环境功能区划

本文以马鞍山市为例，利用地理信息系统软件－－ＩＤＲＩＳＩ进行ＧＩＳ支持下的城市生态环境功能区划，以生态环境适宜度分析方法进行了工业用地、居住用地、综合用地的适宜度分析，并以此为基础划分了城市生态环境功能区，最后，讨论了ＧＩＳ支持下的城市生态环境功能区划的优势与不足以及发展趋势。